The fairness of a live or photo lineup can be assessed empirically by a researcher analyzing the responses of "mock witnesses" in order to calculate the functional size of the lineup.

Eyewitness memory

John C. Brigham, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Psychology, Florida State University

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Dr. Brigham's Presentations
 

There are three lists of presentations below.  Please click the link appropriate for your interests.  Each list is presented in reverse chronological order.

All presentations

Presentations for legal audiences

Presentations for academic audiences


Professional Papers, Presentations, Posters, Workshops, and Symposia on memory and eyewitness identifications:

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness experts.  Invited presentation, Tennessee Judicial Conference, Nashville, TN, March, 2008.

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness mis-identification.  Invited presentation, Florida Public Defenders Association Training Conference, Orlando, FL, June, 2007.

Brigham, J. C.  Perception and memory:  What we know about the frailty of eyewitness identifications.  Invited presentation, Fourth National Seminar on Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Law, New Orleans, LA, January, 2007.

Brigham, J. C.  Mistaken eyewitness identifications:  Scientific research findings.  Invited presentation, Public Defenders Association Winter Conference, Hutchison Island, FL, December 2006.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identification.  Invited presentation, Public Defenders Association Trial With Style XX conference, Destin, FL, December 2005.

L. B., Butz, D. A., Doerr, C. E., & Brigham, J. C.  The “other-age effect” in face recognition memory.  Poster presentation, Southeastern Psychological Association Conference, Nashville, TN, April, 2005.  

Brigham, J. C. The role of race and racial prejudice in recognizing other people. Invited presentation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln, NE, March, 2005.

Brigham, J. C., Bennett, L. B., & Butz, D. The effect of training on face recognition: Practice does not always make perfect. Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society conference, La Jolla/San Diego, CA, March 2005.

Bennett, L. B., & Brigham, J. C. The effect of age on the prevalence of the “other-race effect” in children. Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March, 2004.

Brigham, J. C.  False identifications:  What has research found and what are the implications for the police station and the courtroom?  Invited presentation at the Florida Public Defenders’ Life Over Death Training Program, Orlando, FL, September, 2003.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, September, 2003.  

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Bennett, L.B.   Perceptual memory skill and the cross-race effect: Evidence from eye-tracking and verbal reports.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC), Aberdeen, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Lindsay, R. C. L., Brigham, J. C.,  Malpass, R. S., & Ross, D. F. Cross-race identification from simultaneous and sequential lineups.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC), Aberdeen, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Dore, H. S., & Brigham, J. C.  Age and racial differences in eyewitness memory.  Poster presentation, International Interdisciplinary Conference on Psychology and Law, Edinburgh, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Brigham, J. C.  Race and eyewitness memory.  Invited address/workshop, California (Judges’) Conference on Race and Ethnic Bias in the Courts.  San Francisco, CA, April, 2002.  

Buck, J. A., Hyme, H. E., & Brigham, J. C.   Attempts to reduce the own-race bias with incentive.  Poster presented at the American Psychology-Law Society Biennial Conference, Austin, TX, March, 2002.  

Meissner, C. A., Ericsson, K. A., & Brigham, J. C.  Skilled perceptual memory: Explicating cognitive mechanisms in the cross-race effect.  Poster presented at the anual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Orlando, FL, November, 2001.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Palm Harbor, FL, September, 2001.  

Hyme, H. S., & Brigham, J. C.  The own-race bias and eyewitness description accuracy.  Paper presentation at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Toronto, Canada, June 2001.  

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The influence of lineup presentation factors on the verbal overshadowing effect.  Symposium presentation at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Toronto, Canada, June 2001.  

Coddington, K. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The malleability of  eyewitness metamemory judgments: The effect of question difficulty.  Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Brigham, J. C. & Meissner, C. A.  Representation and memory for same- and other-race faces.   Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Meissner,  C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The influence of lineup presentation factors in the verbal overshadowing effect.   Paper presented at The Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition conference, Miami, FL, June 2000.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 2000.  

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Kelley, C. M.  Self-generated misinformation: The influence of retrieval processes in verbal overshadowing.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Boulder, CO,  July 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  The “own-race bias” in face recognition.  Invited address, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, February 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  The “own-race bias” in face recognition.  Invited address, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, February 1999.  

Brigham, J. C. What is forensic psychology, anyway?  Presidential address, American Psychology-Law Society.  American Psychological Association convention, San Francisco CA, August 1998.  

Brigham, J. C.  Measuring lineup fairness in the laboratory and in the courtroom.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society biennial conference, Redondo Beach, CA, March 1998.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1998.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1997.  

Brigham, J. C., Slone, A., & Wachtel, A.  The “own-race bias”: An effect in search of a cause.  Symposium presentation at the International Conference on Memory, Padua, Italy, July 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Evaluating the accuracy of child memory.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society, Hilton Head SC, March, 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Accuracy of eyewitness identification.  Presentation for Tallahassee Inns of Court program, March, 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Evaluations of the accuracy of children’s memory and testimony.  Symposium presentation.  Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July, 1995.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identification and memory.  Invited presentation, Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando FL, May 1995.  

Brigham, J. C.  Assessing the fairness of photograph lineups.  Symposium presentations at the International Conference on Memory, Lancaster, England, 1991.  

Brigham, J. C., & Cousins, C. L.  Evaluating lineup fairness: Utilizing responses from law enforcement and from college students.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology - Law Society, Williamsburg, VA, 1990.  

Brigham, J. C.  Assessing the fairness of police lineups.  Symposium presentation at American Psychological Association; New Orleans, LA, 1989.  

Invited participant, Conference on Suggestibility in Child Witnesses (sponsored by APA Science Directorate), Cornell University, 1989.  

Brigham, J. C.  Obtaining accurate information from witnesses.  Invited presentation to Florida Public Defenders Investigators Association annual conference, Sarasota, FL, 1989.  

Brigham, J. C.  Opinions about child witnesses.  Invited address, British Psychological Association, Scottish Branch, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1988.  

Child witnesses.  Invited address, University of Birmingham (England), 1988.  

Child witnesses.  Invited address, Dorset Academy, Bournemouth, England, 1988.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness testimony.  Invited presentation at Florida Public Defenders Investigators Association annual conference, Boca Raton, FL, 1988.  

Brigham, J. C.  Is witness confidence helpful in judging eyewitness accuracy?  Invited presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Psychology and Law, Swansea, Wales, 1987.  

Deffenbacher, K. A., Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C.  Predicting eyewitness accuracy from confidence:  The optimality hypothesis revisited.  Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1986.  

Brigham, J. C.  Accuracy of eyewitness identifications: Psychological and legal issues.  Invited address.  College of Law, Florida State University, 1986.  

Brigham, J. C.  The influence of race on face recognition.  Presentation at NATO Advanced Workshop on Aspects of Face Processing, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1985.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identifications.  Presentation at Society of Experimental Social Psychology meetings, Salt Lake City, UT, 1984.  

Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C.  A meta-analysis of controversial issues in eyewitness identification.  Presentation at the International Conference on Law and Psychology, Nag's Head, NC, 1984.  

Brigham, J. C., & WolfsKeil, M. P.  The relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition.  Paper presented at American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA, l983.  

Brigham, J. C..  Jurors' knowledge about the fallibility of eyewitness evidence. Symposium presentation at American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA, l983.  

Brigham, J. C.  The applications of eyewitness identification research to the courtroom.  Symposium presentation, International Conference on Psychology and Law, Swansea, Wales, U. K., l982.  

Brigham, J. C.  Jurors' "common knowledge" about the fallibility of eyewitness evidence.  Presentation at Twentieth International Congress of Applied Psychology, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1982.  

Brigham, J. C.  What can we tell the courts about eyewitness identifications?  Presentation at Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists meeting, Tampa, FL, l98l.  

Brigham, J. C.  The psychology of eyewitness identification.  Invited symposium presentation, American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA, l980.  

Brigham, J. C.  Some perspectives in the impact of lineup composition, race, and witness confidence on identification accuracy.  Invited presentation at the Alberta Conference on Eyewitness Testimony, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, l980.  

Brigham, J. C., Snyder, L. D., Stafford, F., & West, K. O.  Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in a field setting.  Paper presented at Southeastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC, l980.  

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C.  The effects of task delay and incentive on cross-racial identification ability. Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA, l978.  

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C.  The effects of race, sex, experience, and attitudes on the ability to recognize faces of own and other race.  Paper presented at Southeastern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA, l976.  

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Invited Presentations to Legal Audiences

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness experts.  Invited presentation, Tennessee Judicial Conference, Nashville, TN, March, 2008.

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness mis-identification.  Invited presentation, Florida Public Defenders Association Training Conference, Orlando, FL, June, 2007.

Brigham, J. C.  Perception and memory:  What we know about the frailty of eyewitness identifications.  Invited presentation, Fourth National Seminar on Forensic Evidence and the Criminal Law, New Orleans, LA, January, 2007.  

Brigham, J. C.  Mistaken eyewitness identifications:  Scientific research findings.  Invited presentation, Public Defenders Association Winter Conference, Hutchinson Island, FL, December 2006.

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identification.  Invited presentation, Public Defenders Association Trial With Style XX conference, Destin, FL, December 2005.

Brigham, J. C.  False identifications:  What has research found and what are the implications for the police station and the courtroom?  Invited presentation at the Florida Public Defenders’ Life Over Death Training Program, Orlando, FL, September, 2003.
 
Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, September, 2003.  

Brigham, J. C.  Race and eyewitness memory.  Invited address/workshop, California (Judges’) Conference on Race and Ethnic Bias in the Courts.  San Francisco, CA, April, 2002.

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Palm Harbor, FL, September, 2001.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 2000.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1998.  

Brigham, J. C.  Memory and witness perception.  Workshop presentation to Florida judges at the Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando, FL, May 1997.  

Brigham, J. C.  Accuracy of eyewitness identification.  Presentation for Tallahassee Inns of Court program, March, 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identification and memory.  Invited presentation, Florida College of Advanced Judicial Studies, Orlando FL, May 1995.  

Brigham, J. C.  Obtaining accurate information from witnesses.  Invited presentation at Florida Public Defenders Investigators Association annual conference, Sarasota, FL, 1989.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness testimony.  Invited presentation at Florida Public Defenders Investigators Association annual conference, Boca Raton, FL, 1988.  

Brigham, J. C.  Accuracy of eyewitness identifications: Psychological and legal issues.  Invited address,  College of Law, Florida State University, 1986.  
 

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Presentations on Eyewitness Memory at Academic Conferences.

Brigham, J. C. The role of race and racial prejudice in recognizing other people. Invited presentation. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Lincoln, NE, March, 2005.

Bennett, L. B., Butz, D. A., Doerr, C. E., & Brigham, J. C.  The “other-age effect” in face recognition memory.  Poster presentation, Southeastern Psychological Association Conference, Nashville, TN, April, 2005.  

Brigham, J. C., Bennett, L. B., & Butz, D.  The effect of training on face recognition: Practice does not always make perfect.  Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society conference, La Jolla/San Diego, CA, March, 2005.  

Bennett, L. B., & Brigham, J. C.  The effect of age on the prevalence of the “other-race effect” in children.  Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society Conference, Scottsdale, AZ, March, 2004.  

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Bennett, L.B.   Perceptual memory skill and the cross-race effect: Evidence from eye-tracking and verbal reports.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC), Aberdeen, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Lindsay, R. C. L., Brigham, J. C.,  Malpass, R. S., & Ross, D. F. Cross-race identification from simultaneous and sequential lineups.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC), Aberdeen, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Dore, H. S., & Brigham, J. C.  Age and racial differences in eyewitness memory.  Poster presentation, International Interdisciplinary Conference on Psychology and Law, Edinburgh, Scotland, July, 2003.  

Buck, J. A., Hyme, H. E., & Brigham, J. C.   Attempts to reduce the own-race bias with incentive.  Poster presented at the American Psychology-Law Society Biennial Conference, Austin, TX, March, 2002.  

Meissner, C. A., Ericsson, K. A., & Brigham, J. C.  Skilled perceptual memory: Explicating cognitive mechanisms in the cross-race effect.  Poster presented at the anual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Orlando, FL, November, 2001.  

Hyme, H. S., & Brigham, J. C.  The own-race bias and eyewitness description accuracy.  Paper presentation at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Toronto, Canada, June 2001.  

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The influence of lineup presentation factors on the verbal overshadowing effect.  Symposium presentation at the meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Toronto, Canada, June 2001.  

Coddington, K. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The malleability of  eyewitness metamemory judgments: The effect of question difficulty.  Poster presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Brigham, J. C. & Meissner, C. A.  Representation and memory for same- and other-race faces.   Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Meissner,  C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2000.  

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C.  The influence of lineup presentation factors in the verbal overshadowing effect.   Paper presented at The Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition conference, Miami, FL, June 2000.  

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Kelley, C. M.  Self-generated misinformation: The influence of retrieval processes in verbal overshadowing.  Symposium presentation, Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Boulder, CO,  July 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  The “own-race bias” in face recognition.  Invited address, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga, Chattanooga, TN, February 1999.  

Brigham, J. C.  The “own-race bias” in face recognition.  Invited address, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, February 1999.  

Brigham, J. C. What is forensic psychology, anyway?  Presidential address, American Psychology-Law Society.  American Psychological Association convention, San Francisco CA, August 1998.   

Brigham, J. C.  Measuring lineup fairness in the laboratory and in the courtroom.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society biennial conference, Redondo Beach, CA, March 1998.  

Brigham, J. C., Slone, A., & Wachtel, A.  The “own-race bias”: An effect in search of a cause.  Symposium presentation at the International Conference on Memory, Padua, Italy, July 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Evaluating the accuracy of child memory.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology-Law Society, Hilton Head SC, March, 1996.  

Brigham, J. C.  Evaluations of the accuracy of children’s memory and testimony.  Symposium presentation.  Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada, July, 1995.  

Brigham, J. C.  Assessing the fairness of photograph lineups.  Symposium presentations at the International Conference on Memory, Lancaster, England, 1991.  

Brigham, J. C., & Cousins, C. L.  Evaluating lineup fairness: Utilizing responses from law enforcement and from college students.  Symposium presentation, American Psychology - Law Society, Williamsburg, VA, 1990.  

Brigham, J. C.  Assessing the fairness of police lineups.  Symposium presentation at American Psychological Association; New Orleans, LA, 1989.  

Invited participant, Conference on Suggestibility in Child Witnesses (sponsored by APA Science Directorate), Cornell University, 1989.  

Brigham, J. C.  Opinions about child witnesses.  Invited address, British Psychological Association, Scottish Branch, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1988.  

Child witnesses.  Invited address, University of Birmingham (England), 1988.  

Child witnesses.  Invited address, Dorset Academy, Bournemouth, England, 1988.  

Brigham, J. C.  Is witness confidence helpful in judging eyewitness accuracy?  Invited presentation at the 2nd International Conference on Psychology and Law, Swansea, Wales, 1987.  

Deffenbacher, K. A., Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C.  Predicting eyewitness accuracy from confidence:  The optimality hypothesis revisited.  Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 1986.  

Brigham, J. C.  Accuracy of eyewitness identifications: Psychological and legal issues.  Invited address.  College of Law, Florida State University, 1986.  

Brigham, J. C.  The influence of race on face recognition.  Presentation at NATO Advanced Workshop on Aspects of Face Processing, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1985.  

Brigham, J. C.  Eyewitness identifications.  Presentation at Society of Experimental Social Psychology meetings, Salt Lake City, UT, 1984.  

Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C.  A meta-analysis of controversial issues in eyewitness identification.  Presentation at the International Conference on Law and Psychology, Nag's Head, NC, 1984.  

Brigham, J. C., & WolfsKeil, M. P.  The relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition.  Paper presented at American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA, l983.  

Brigham, J. C..  Jurors' knowledge about the fallibility of eyewitness evidence. Symposium presentation at American Psychological Association, Anaheim, CA, l983.  

Brigham, J. C.  The applications of eyewitness identification research to the courtroom.  Symposium presentation, International Conference on Psychology and Law, Swansea, Wales, U. K., l982.  

Brigham, J. C.  Jurors' "common knowledge" about the fallibility of eyewitness evidence.  Presentation at Twentieth International Congress of Applied Psychology, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1982.  

Brigham, J. C.  What can we tell the courts about eyewitness identifications?  Presentation at Society of Southeastern Social Psychologists meeting, Tampa, FL, l98l.  

Brigham, J. C.  The psychology of eyewitness identification.  Invited symposium presentation, American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA, l980.  

Brigham, J. C.  Some perspectives in the impact of lineup composition, race, and witness confidence on identification accuracy.  Invited presentation at the Alberta Conference on Eyewitness Testimony, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, l980.  

Brigham, J. C., Snyder, L. D., Stafford, F., & West, K. O.  Accuracy of eyewitness identifications in a field setting.  Paper presented at Southeastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC, l980.  

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C.  The effects of task delay and incentive on cross-racial identification ability. Paper presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association, Atlanta, GA, l978.  

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C.  The effects of race, sex, experience, and attitudes on the ability to recognize faces of own and other race.  Paper presented at Southeastern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA, l976.

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