Useful information about measuring the fairness of a lineup by assessing its “functional size” can be found in these three sources:
Applied issues in the construction and expert assessment of photo lineups
Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments
Measuring lineup fairness: Mock witness responses vs. direct evaluations of lineups

Eyewitness memory

John C. Brigham, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Psychology, Florida State University

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Dr. Brigham's Publications on Eyewitness Memory

Brigham, J. C. (in press). The role of race and racial prejudice in recognizing other people.  Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 2005 (Vol 53). New York:  Springer.

Brigham, J. C., Bennett, L. B., Meissner, C. A., & Mitchell, T. L. (in press). The influence of race on eyewitness memory.  In R. C. L. Lindsay, D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Handbook of eyewitness psychology.  Volume II: Memory for people (pp. 257-281).  Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Brigham, J. C. (2006). The jury system in the United States of America. In M. F.  Kaplan & A. M. Martin (Eds.), Understanding world jury systems through social psychological research (pp. 11-29). New York: Psychology Press.

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Butz, D. (2005). Memory for own- and other-race faces: A dual-process approach. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19, 545-567.

Buck, J. A., Warren, A. R., & Brigham, J. C. (2004). When does quality count? Perceptions of hearsay testimony about child sexual abuse interviews. Law and Human Behavior, 28, 599-621.

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Pfeifer, J. E. (2003). Jury nullification: The influence of judicial instruction on the relationship between attitudes and juridic decision-making. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25, 243-254..

Brigham, J. C., & Grisso, T. (2003). Forensic psychology. In D. K. Freedheim & I. B. Weiner (Eds.), Handbook of psychology. Vol. I: The history of psychology (pp. 391-411). New York: Wiley.

Buck, J. A., Warren, A. R., Betman, S. I., & Brigham, J. C. (2002). Age differences in Criteria-Based Content Analysis scores in typical child sexual abuse interviews. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 267-283.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Brigham, J. C., Brimacombe, C. A. E., & Wells, G. L. (2002). Eyewitness research. In J. R. P. Ogloff (Ed.), Taking psychology and law into the twenty-first century (pp. 199-223). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Brigham, J. C. (2002). Face identification: Basic processes and developmental changes. M. L. Eisen, J. A. Quas, & G.S. Goodman (Eds.), Memory and suggestibility in the forensic interview (pp. 115-140). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Brigham, J. C., & Hyme, H. S. (2001). Dealing with fallible eyewitness evidence: How scientific research and expert testimony can help, Part I. The Trial Lawyer, 24, 301-307.

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the verbal overshadowing effect in face recognition. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, 587-601.

Meissner, C. A., & Brigham, J. C. (2001). Thirty years of investigating the own-race bias in memory for faces: A meta-analytic review. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 3-35.

Meissner, C. A., Brigham, J. C., & Kelley, C. M. (2001). The influence of retrieval processes on verbal overshadowing. Memory and Cognition, 29, 176-186.

Slone, A. E., Brigham, J. C., & Meissner, C. A. (2000). Social and cognitive factors affecting the own-race bias in Whites. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22, 71-84.

Brigham, J. C., Wasserman, A. W., & Meissner, C. A. (1999). Disputed eyewitness identification evidence: Important legal and scientific issues. Court Review, 36(2), 12-25. (View original article here in PDF format)

Brigham, J. C., Meissner, C. A., & Wasserman, A. W. (1999). Applied issues in the construction and expert assessment of photo lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, S73-S92.

Brigham, J. C. (1998). Adults’ evaluations of characteristics of children’s memory. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, 15-39.

Ready, D. J., Bothwell, R. K., & Brigham, J. C. (1997). The effects of hypnosis, context reinstatement, and anxiety on eyewitness memory. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hyponosis, 95, 55-68.

Schmidt, C. W., & Brigham, J. C. (1996). Jurors’ perceptions of child victim-witnesses in a simulated sexual abuse trial. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 581-606.

Ruby, C. R., & Brigham, J. C. (1996). A criminal schema: The role of chronicity, race, and socioeconomic status in law enforcement officials’ perceptions of others. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, 95-111.

Brigham, J. C., & Pfeifer, J. E. (1994). Evaluating the fairness of lineups. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp. 201-222). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Brigham, J. C., & Brandt, C. C. (1992). Measuring lineup fairness: Mock witness responses vs. direct evaluations of lineups. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 475-489.

Brigham, J. C., & Spier, S. A. (1992). Opinions held by professionals who work with child witnesses. In H. R. Dent and R. Flin (Eds.), Children as witnesses (pp. 93-111). Chichester, England: Wiley.

Brigham, J. C. (1991). Commentary: Issues in the empirical study of child sexual abuse. In J. Doris (Ed.), The suggestibility of children's recollections (pp. 110-114). Washington, D.C.: APA.

Brigham, J. C. (1990). Target person distinctiveness and attractiveness as moderator variables in the confidence-accuracy relationship in facial identifications. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 101-115.

Pigott, M., Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1990). A field study of the relationship between description accuracy and identification accuracy. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 17, 84-88.

Brigham, J. C., Ready, D. J., & Spier, S. A. (1990). Standards for evaluating the fairness of photograph lineups. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 11, 149-163.

Brigham, J. C. (1989). Disputed eyewitness identifications: can experts help? The Champion, 8(5), 10-18.

Brigham, J. C. (1989). Faces and attributions: Thoughts on a few central issues. In A. W. Young & H. D. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of research on face processing (pp. 321-325). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

Leippe, M. R., Brigham, J. C., Cousins, C., & Romanczyk, A. (1989). The opinions and practices of criminal attorneys regarding child eyewitnesses: A survey. In S. J. Ceci, D. F. Ross, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Perspectives on children's testimony (pp. 100-130). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1989). Cross-racial identifications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 19-25.

Brigham, J. C., & Cairns, D. (1988). The effect of mugshot inspections on eyewitness identification accuracy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 1394-1410.

Brigham, J. C. (1988). Is witness confidence helpful in judging eyewitness accuracy? In M. M. Gruneberg, P. E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.) Practical aspects of memory: Current research and issues (Vol. 1, pp. 77-82). Chichester: John Wiley.

Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Pigott, M. A. (1987). An exploratory study of personality differences in eyewitness memory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2, 335-343.

Bothwell, R. K., Deffenbacher, K. A., & Brigham, J. C. (1987). Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: Optimality hypothesis revisited. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 691-695.

Fleet, M. L., Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). The effects of choosing on the confidence-accuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 171-187.

Tooley, V., Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). Facial recognition: Weapon effect and attentional focus. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17, 845-859.

Brigham, J. C. (1986). The applications of eyewitness identification research to the courtroom. Journal of Community Psychology, 14, 241-252.

Brigham, J. C. (1986). The influence of race on face recognition. In H. D. Ellis, M. A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe, and A. W. Young (Eds.), Aspects of face processing (NATO ISI Series) (pp. 170-177). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

Brigham, J. C., Van Verst, M., & Bothwell, R. K. (1986). Accuracy of children's eyewitness identifications in a field setting. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 295-306.

Brigham, J. C., & Malpass, R. S. (1985). Differential recognition for faces of own- and other-race persons: What is the role of experience and contact? Journal of Social Issues, 41(3), 139-155.

Brigham, J. C. (1985). Race and eyewitness identifications. In S. Worchel and W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (Second ed., pp. 260-282). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

Pigott, M., & Brigham, J. C. (1985). The relationship between accuracy of prior description and facial recognition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 547-555.

Brigham, J. C., & Ready, D. R. (1985). Own-race bias in lineup construction. Law and Human Behavior, 9, 415-424.

Maass, A., Brigham, J. C., & West, S. G. (1985). Testifying on eyewitness reliability: Expert advice is not always persuasive. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 207-229.

Brigham, J. C. (l983). Psychological factors in eyewitness identifications. Journal of Criminal Justice, 11, 47-56.

Brigham, J. C., & Bothwell, R. K. (l983). The ability of prospective jurors to estimate the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 19-30.

Brigham, J. C., & WolfsKeil, M. P. (l983). Opinions of attorneys and law enforcement personnel on the accuracy of eyewitness identifications. Law and Human Behavior, 7, 337-349.

Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Martinez, D., & Whittenberger, G. (1983). The effect of arousal on facial recognition. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 4, 279-293.

Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., Snyder, L. D., & Spaulding, K. (l982). The accuracy of eyewitness identifications in a field setting. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 673-68l.

Maass, A. , & Brigham, J. C. (l982). Eyewitness identifications: The role of encoding specificity and attention. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8, 54-59.

Barkowitz, P., & Brigham, J. C. (l982). Recognition of faces: Own-race bias, incentive, and time delay. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 255-268.

Brigham, J. C. (l98l). The accuracy of eyewitness evidence: How do attorneys see it? The Florida Bar Journal, 55(ll), 7l4-72l. (Reprinted in Social Action and the Law, 7 (5), 76-79.)

Brigham, J. C. (l980). Perspectives on the impact of lineup composition, race, and witness confidence on identification accuracy. Law and Human Behavior, 4, 3l5-322.

Brigham, J. C., & Williamson, N. L. (l979). Cross-racial recognition and age: When you're over 60, do they still "all look alike"? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 2l8-222.

Brigham, J. C., & Barkowitz, P. (l978). Do "they all look alike"? The effect of race, sex, experience, and attitudes on the ability to recognize faces. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 8, 306-3l8.

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