A primary source for excellent research articles on eyewitness memory is Law and Human  Behavior, a monthly research journal published under the auspices of the American Psychology-Law Society.

Eyewitness memory

John C. Brigham, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Psychology, Florida State University

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Important Scientific Publications by Other Researchers

Balcetis, E., & Dunning, D. (2006). See what you want to see: Motivational influences on visual perception, Journal of Personality & Social Psychology , 91, 612-625.

Brewer, N., Caon, A., Todd, C., & Weber, N. (2006). Eyewitness identification accuracy and response latency. Law & Human Behavior , 30, 31-50.

Chance, J., & Goldstein, A. (1996). The Other-Race Effect and Eyewitness Identification. In S. L. Sporer, R. Malpass, & G Koehnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in eyewitness identification (pp. 153-176). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879-894.

Christianson, S.-A., Karlsson, I. , & Persson, L.G. (1998). Police personnel as eyewitnesses to a violent crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3 , 59-72.

Chung, M. S., & Thompson, D. (1995). Development of face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 55-87.

Clark, S. E. (2005). A re-examination of the effects of biased lineup instructions in eyewitness identification. Law & Human Behavior , 29, 395-424.

Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N., & McEwan, T. (1996). Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria, VA: National Institute of Justice.

Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1995). Mistaken identification: The eyewitness, psychology, and the law. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Davis, D., Loftus, E. F., Vanous, S., & Cucciare, M. (2008). ‘Unconscious transference' can be an instance of change blindness . Applied Cognitive Psychology , 22, 605-623.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B. H., Mc Gorty, E. K., & Penrod, S. D. (2008). Forgetting the once-seen face: Estimating the strength of an eyewitness's memory representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 14, 139-150.

Deffenbacher, K. A. Bornstein, B. H., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). Mugshot exposure effects: Retroactive interference, mugshot commitment, source confusion, and unconscious transference. Law & Human Behavior , 30, 287-307.

Deffenbacher, K. A., Bornstein, B.H., Penrod, S. D., & McGorty, E. K. (2004). A meta-analytic review of the effects of high stress on eyewitness memory. Law & Human Behavior , 28, 687-706

Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.

Doris, J. L. (Ed.). (1991). The suggestibility of children’s recollections. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Douglass, A. B., & Steblay, N. (2006). Memory distortion in eyewitnesses: A meta-analysis of the post-identification feedback effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 859-869.

Dunning, D., & Peretta, S. (2002). Automaticity and eyewitness accuracy: A 10- to 12-second rule for distinguishing accurate from inaccurate identifications . Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 951-962.

Dysart, J. E., Lindsay, R. C. L., Hammond, R., & Dupuis, P. (2001). Mugshot exposure prior to lineup identification: Interference, transference, and commitment effects. Journal of Applied Psychology , 86, 1280-1284.

Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). "What is "special" about face perception?" Psychological Review, 105, 482-498.

Feingold, G. A. (1914). The influence of environment on the identification of persons and things. Journal of Criminal Law and Political Science, 5, 39-51.

Flin, R. H. (1985). Development of face recognition: An encoding switch? British Journal of Psychology, 76, 123-134.

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D., & Holland, H. (1986). Enhancement of eyewitness memory with the cognitive interview. American Journal of Psychology, 99, 385-401.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1985). Effects of training on Japanese face recognition: Reduction of the other-race effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 211-214.

Huff, R., Rattner, A., & Saragin, E. (1996). Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and public policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kassin, S. M. (1998). Eyewitness identification procedures: The fifth rule. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 649-653.

Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the "General Acceptance" of eyewitness testimony research: A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56, 405-416.

Levin, D. T. (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1364-1382.

Levin, D. T. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559-574.

Lieppe, M. R. (1995). The case for expert testimony about eyewitness memory.  Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 909-959.

Lieppe, M., & Eisenstadt, D. (2007). Eyewitness Confidence and the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship in memory for people. In R. C. L. Lindsay, D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. Toglia (Eds.), Handbook of Eyewitness Psychology, Vol. 2. Memory for People (pp. 377-425). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.

Lindholm, T. (2008). Validity in judgments of high- and low-accurate witnesses of own and other ethnic groups. Legal and Criminological Psychology , 13, 107-120.

Lindsay, R.C.L., Ross, D.F., Smith, S.M. & Flanigan, S. (1999). Does race influence measures of lineup fairness? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, S109-S119.

Lindsay, R. C. L., Ross, D. F., Read, J. D. & Toglia, M. P. (Eds.) (2007). Handbook of eyewitness psychology. Volume II: Memory for people . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identification from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 556-564.

Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

MacLin, O. H., MacLin, M. K., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Race, arousal, attention, exposure and delay: An examination of factors moderating face recognition. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 134-152.

MacLin, O. H., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Racial categorization of faces: The ambiguous race face effect. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 98-118.

Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.

Meissner, C. A., Sporer, S. L., & Susa , K. J. (2008). A theoretical review and meta-analysis of the description – identification relationship in memory for faces. European Journal ofCognitive Psychology , 20, 414-455.

Memon, A., Bartlett, J.C., Rose, R. & Gray, C. (2003) The aging eyewitness: The effects of face-age and delay upon younger and older observers. British Journal of Gerontology, 58, 338-345.

Morgan, C. A., Hazlett, G., Doran, A., Garrett, S., Hoyt, G., Thomas, P., Baronski, M., & Southwick, S. M. (2004). Accuracy of eyewitness memory for persons encountered during exposure to highly intense stress. International Journal of Law & Psychiatry , 27, 265-279.

Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand: Essays on psychology and crime. New York: Clark Boardman.

Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I., & Moore, C. (2003). Children's face recognition memory: More evidence for the cross-race effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 760-763.

Platz, S. J., & Hosch, H. M. (1988). Cross-racial ethnic eyewitness identification: A field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 972-984.

Ross, D. F., Ceci, S. D., Dunning, D., & Toglia, M. P. (1994). Unconscious transference and lineup identification: Toward a memory-blending approach. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds), Adult Eyemitness Testimony: Current Trends and Developments (pp. 80-100). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.

Ross, D.F., Read, J.D., & Tolgia, M.P. (Eds.) (1994). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schacter, D. L., Dawes, R., Jacoby, L. L., Kahneman, D., Lempert, R., Roediger, H. L., & Rosenthal, R. (2008). Policy forum: Studying eyewitness identifications in the field. Law & Human Behavior, 32, 3-5.

Scheck, B., Neufeld, P., & Dwyer, J. (2001). Actual innocence: When justice goes wrong and how to make it right. New York: Signet.

Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999). Gorillas in our midst: Sustained attentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059-1074.

Simons, D. J., & Levin, D. T. (1998). Failure to detect changes to people in a real-world interaction. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 5, 644-649.

Smith, S. M., Stinson, V., & Prosser, M. A. (2004). Do they all look alike? An exploration of decision-making strategies in the cross-race facial identifications. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36, 146-154.

Sporer, S. L. (1991). Deep - Deeper - Deepest? Encoding strategies and the recognition of human faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 323-333.

Sporer, S. L. (2001). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 36-97.

Sporer, S. L., Malpass, R. S., & Koehnken, G. (1996). Psychological issues in eyewitness identification. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sporer, S. L., Penrod, S. Read, D., & Cutler, B. (1995). Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 315-327.

Stanny, C.J. & Johnson, T.C. (2000). Effects of stress induced by a simulated shooting on recall by police and citizen witnesses. American Journal of Psychology, 113 , 359-386.

Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 413-424.

Steblay, N. M. (1997). Social influence in eyewitness recall: A meta-analytic review of lineup instruction effects. Law & Human Behavior , 21, 283-297..

Steblay, N. M., Dysart, J., Fulero, S., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (2003). Eyewitness accuracy rates in police showup and lineup presentations: A meta-analytic comparison. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 523-540.

Stern, L. W. (1910). Abstracts of lectures on the psychology of testimony. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 273-282.

Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (1999). Eyewitness evidence: A guide for law enforcement. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Thomson, D. M. (1986). Face recognition: More than a feeling of familiarity? In H. D. Ellis, M.A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe & A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of face processing (pp. 391-399). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Thomson, D. M. (1989). Issues posed by developmental research. In A. W. Young & H.D. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of research on face processing (pp. 391-399). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Tollestrup, P. A., Turtle, J. W., & Yuille, J. C. (1994). Actual victims and witnesses to robbery and fraud: An archival analysis. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Valentine, T., Chiroro, P., & Dixon, R. (1995). An account of the other-race effect and the contact hypothesis based on a ‘face space’ model of face recognition. In T. Valentine (Ed.), Cognitive and computational aspects of face recognition: Exploration of face space (pp. 69-94). London: Routledge.

Valentine, T., & Endo, M. (1992). Towards and exemplar model of face processing: The effects of race and distinctiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 671-703.

Valentine, T., Pickering, A., & Darling, S. (2003). Characteristics of eyewitness identification that predict the outcome of real lineups. Applied Cognitive Psychology , 17,969-993.

Wall, P. (1965). Eyewitness identification in criminal cases. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Weber, N., Brewer, N., Wells, G. L., Semmler, C., & Keast, A. (2004). Eyewitness identification accuracy and response latency: The unruly 10-12 second rule. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 10. 139-147.

Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557.

Wells, G. L. (1984). The psychology of lineup identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 89-103.

Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553-571.

Wells, G. L. (2008). Field experiments on eyewitness identification: Towards a better understanding of pitfalls and prospects. Law & Human Behavior , 32, 6-10.

Wells, G. L., & Bradfield, A. L. (1999). Distortions in eyewitnesses' recollections: Can the postidentification feedback effect be moderated? Psychological Science , 10, 138-144.

Wells, G.L., & Loftus, E.F. (Eds.) (1984). Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L., & Luus, E. (1990). Police lineups as experiments: Social methodology as a framework for properly-conducted lineups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 106-117.

Wells, G. L., Malpass, R. S., Lindsay, R. C. L., Fisher, R. P., Turtle, J. W., & Fulero, S. (2000). Eyewitness research: The long road to national guidelines. American Psychologist, 55, 581-598.

Wells, G. L., & Olson, E., & Charman, S. D. (2003). Distorted retrospective eyewitness reports as functions of feedback and delay. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 9, 42-52.

Wells, G. L., & Quinlivan, D. S. (2009). Suggestive eyewitness identification processes and the Supreme Court's reliability test in light of eyewitness science: 30 years later. Law & Human Behavior , 33, 1-24.

Wells, G. L., Small, M., Penrod,S., Malpass, R. S., Fulero, S. M. & Brimacombe, C. A. E. (1998). Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photo- spreads, Law and Human Behavior, 22, 603-647.

Whipple, G.M. (1911). The psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 8, 307-309.

Wigmore, J. H. (1909). Professor Munsterberg and the psychology of evidence. Illinois Law Review, 3, 399-345.

Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E., &, Tredoux, C. G. (2001). A field study of own-race bias in South Africa and England. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 119-133.

Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E., & Tredoux, C. G. (2003). Inter-racial contact and the own-race bias for face recognition in South Africa and England. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 365-373.

Yarmey, A.D. (1979). The psychology of eyewitness testimony. New York: Free Press.

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