A primary source for excellent research articles on eyewitness memory is Law and Human  Behavior, a monthly research journal published under the auspices of the American Psychology-Law Society.

Eyewitness memory

John C. Brigham, Ph.D.

Professor Emeritus
Dept. of Psychology, Florida State University

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Important Scientific Publications by Other Researchers

Anthony, T., Copper, C., & Mullen, B. (1992).Cross–racial identification: A social cognitive integration. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 18, 296-301.

Carey, S. (1981). The development of face perception: In G. Davies, H. Ellis, & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 9-38). New York: Academic Press.

Carey, S., Diamond, R., & Woods, B. (1980). The development of face recognition--A maturational component? Developmental Psychology, 16, 257-269.

Carroo, A. W. (1987). Recognition of faces as a function of race, attitudes, and reported cross-racial friendships. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 319-325.

Chance, J. E., & Goldstein, A. G. (1981). Depth of processing in response to own and other race faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 475-480.

Chance, J., & Goldstein, A. (1996). The Other-Race Effect and Eyewitness Identification. In S. L. Sporer, R. Malpass, & G Koehnken (Eds.), Psychological issues in eyewitness identification (pp. 153-176). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Chance, J. E., Turner, A. L., & Goldstein, A. G. (1982). Development of face recognition for own- and other-race faces. Journal of Psychology, 112, 29-37.

Chiroro, P., & Valentine, T. (1995). An investigation of the contact hypothesis of the own-race bias in face recognition. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48A, 879-894.

Chung, M. S., & Thompson, D. (1995). Development of face recognition. British Journal of Psychology, 86, 55-87.

Connors, E., Lundregan, T., Miller, N., & McEwan, T. (1996). Convicted by juries, exonerated by science: Case studies in the use of DNA evidence to establish innocence after trial. Alexandria, VA: National Institute of Justice.

Cross, J. F., Cross, J., & Daly, J. (1971). Sex, race, age, and beauty as factors in recognition of faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 393-396.

Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, S. D. (1995). Mistaken identification: The eyewitness, psychology, and the law. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Diamond, R., & Carey, S. (1986). Why faces are and are not special: An effect of expertise. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 115, 107-117.

Doris, J. L. (Ed.). (1991). The suggestibility of children’s recollections. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Elliott, E. S., Wills, E. J., & Goldstein, A. G. (1973). The effects of discrimination training on the recognition of white and oriental faces. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 2, 71-71.

Ellis, H. D., Deregowski, J. B., & Shepherd, J. W. (1975). Descriptions of white and black faces by white and black subjects. International Journal of Psychology, 10, 119-123.

Farah, M. J., Wilson, K. D., Drain, M., & Tanaka, J. N. (1998). "What is "special" about face perception?" Psychological Review, 105, 482-498.

Feingold, G. A. (1914). The influence of environment on the identification of persons and things. Journal of Criminal Law and Political Science, 5, 39-51.

Feinman, S., & Entwisle, D. R. (1976). Children's ability to recognize other children's faces. Child Development, 47, 506-510.

Flin, R. H. (1985). Development of face recognition: An encoding switch? British Journal of Psychology, 76, 123-134.

Galper, R. E. (1973). Functional race membership and recognition of faces. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 37, 455-462.

Geiselman, R. E., Fisher, R. P., MacKinnon, D., & Holland, H. (1986). Enhancement of eyewitness memory with the cognitive interview. American Journal of Psychology, 99, 385-401.

Goldstein, A. G., & Chance, J. E. (1985). Effects of training on Japanese face recognition: Reduction of the other-race effect. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 23, 211-214.

Huff, R., Rattner, A., & Saragin, E. (1996). Convicted but innocent: Wrongful conviction and public policy. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Kassin, S. M. (1998). Eyewitness identification procedures: The fifth rule. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 649-653.

Kassin, S. M., Ellsworth. P. C., & Smith, V. L. (1989). The "General Acceptance" of psychological research on eyewitness testimony: A survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 44, 1089-1098.

Kassin, S. M., Tubb, V. A., Hosch, H. M., & Memon, A. (2001). On the "General Acceptance" of eyewitness testimony research: A new survey of the experts. American Psychologist, 56, 405-416.

Lavrakas, P. J., Buri, J. R., & Mayzner, M. S. (1976). A perspective of the recognition of other race faces. Perception and Psychophysics, 20, 475-481.

Leippe, M. R. (1995). The case for expert testimony about eyewitness memory.  Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 1, 909-959.

Levin, D. T. (1996). Classifying faces by race: The structure of face categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1364-1382.

Levin, D. T. (2000). Race as a visual feature: Using visual search and perceptual discrimination tasks to understand face categories and the cross race recognition deficit. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 559-574.

Lindsay, D. S. (1994). Memory source monitoring and eyewitness testimony. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments (pp.27-55). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lindsay, R.C.L., Ross, D.F., Smith, S.M. & Flanigan, S. (1999). Does race influence measures of lineup fairness? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 13, S109-S119.

Lindsay, R. C. L., & Wells, G. L. (1985). Improving eyewitness identification from lineups: Simultaneous versus sequential lineup presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70, 556-564.

Loftus, E. F. (1979). Eyewitness testimony. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Luce, T. S. (1974). The role of experience in inter-racial recognition. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 39-41.

MacLin, O. H., MacLin, M. K., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Race, arousal, attention, exposure and delay: An examination of factors moderating face recognition. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 134-152.

MacLin, O. H., & Malpass, R. S. (2001). Racial categorization of faces: The ambiguous race face effect. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 98-118.

Malpass, R. S. (1981). Training in face recognition. In G. Davies, H. Ellis, & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp. 271-285). London: Academic Press.

Malpass, R. S., & Kravitz, J. (1969). Recognition for faces of own and other race. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 330-334.

Malpass, R. S., & Lavigueur, H., & Weldon, D. E. (1973). Verbal and visual training in face recognition. Perception and Psychophysics, 14, 330-334.

Memon, A., Bartlett, J.C., Rose, R. & Gray, C. (2003) The aging eyewitness: The effects of face-age and delay upon younger and older observers. British Journal of Gerontology, 58, 338-345

Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand: Essays on psychology and crime. New York: Clark Boardman.

Ng, W., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1994). Cross-race facial recognition: Failure of the contact hypothesis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 217-232.

Pezdek, K., Blandon-Gitlin, I., & Moore, C. (2003). Children's face recognition memory: More evidence for the cross-race effect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 760-763.

Platz, S. J., & Hosch, H. M. (1988). Cross-racial ethnic eyewitness identification: A field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 18, 972-984.

Rattner, A., Weimann, G. & Fishman, G., (1990). Cross ethnic identification and misidentification. Sociology and Social Research, 74, 73-79.

Ross, D.F., Read, J.D., & Tolgia, M.P. (Eds.) (1994). Adult eyewitness testimony: Current trends and developments. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004a). Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1219-1227.

Sangrigoli, S., & de Schonen, S. (2004b). Effect of visual experience on face processing: A developmental study of inversion and non-native effects. Developmental Science, 7, 74–87.

Scheck, B., Neufeld, P., & Dwyer, J. (2001). Actual innocence: When justice goes wrong and how to make it right. New York: Signet.

Shepherd, J. (1981). Social factors in face recognition. In G. Davies, H. Ellis, & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Perceiving and remembering faces (pp.55-79). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Shepherd, J. W., & Deregowski, J. B. (1981). Races and faces – a comparison of the responses of Africans and Europeans to faces of the same and different races. British Journal of Psychology, 20, 125-133.

Shepherd, J. W., Gibling, F., & Ellis, H. D. (1991). The effects of distinctiveness, presentation time and delay on face recognition. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 3, 137-145.

Smith, S. M., Stinson, V., & Prosser, M. A. (2004). Do they all look alike? An exploration of decision-making strategies in the cross-race facial identifications. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 36, 146-154.

Sporer, S. L. (1991). Deep - Deeper - Deepest? Encoding strategies and the recognition of human faces. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 323-333.

Sporer, S. L. (2001). Recognizing faces of other ethnic groups: An integration of theories. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7, 36-97.

Sporer, S. L., Malpass, R. S., & Koehnken, G. (1996). Psychological issues in eyewitness identification. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sporer, S. L., Penrod, S. Read, D., & Cutler, B. (1995). Choosing, confidence, and accuracy: A meta-analysis of the confidence-accuracy relation in eyewitness identification studies. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 315-327.

Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 413-424.

Stern, L. W. (1910). Abstracts of lectures on the psychology of testimony. American Journal of Psychology, 21, 273-282.

Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence (1999). Eyewitness evidence: A guide for law enforcement. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

Teitelbaum, S., & Geiselman, R. E. (1997). Observer mood and cross-racial recognition of faces. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28, 93-106.

Thomson, D. M. (1986). Face recognition: More than a feeling of familiarity? In H. D. Ellis, M.A. Jeeves, F. Newcombe & A. Young (Eds.), Aspects of face processing (pp. 391-399). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Thomson, D. M. (1989). Issues posed by developmental research. In A. W. Young & H.D. Ellis (Eds.), Handbook of research on face processing (pp. 391-399). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Tollestrup, P. A., Turtle, J. W., & Yuille, J. C. (1994). Actual victims and witnesses to robbery and fraud: An archival analysis. In D. F. Ross, J. D. Read, & M. P. Toglia (Eds.), Adult eyewitness testimony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Valentine, T. (1991). A unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion and race on face recognition. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43A, 161-204.

Valentine, T., Chiroro, P., & Dixon, R. (1995). An account of the other-race effect and the contact hypothesis based on a ‘face space’ model of face recognition. In T. Valentine (Ed.), Cognitive and computational aspects of face recognition: Exploration of face space (pp. 69-94). London: Routledge.

Valentine, T., & Endo, M. (1992). Towards and exemplar model of face processing: The effects of race and distinctiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 671-703.

Wall, P. (1965). Eyewitness identification in criminal cases. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Weimann, G., Fishman, G., & Rattner, A. (1988). Social distance and misidentification. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 27, 217-225.

Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557.

Wells, G. L. (1984). The psychology of lineup identifications. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 14, 89-103.

Wells, G. L. (1993). What do we know about eyewitness identification? American Psychologist, 48, 553-571.

Wells, G. L., & Lindsay, R. C. L. (1980). On estimating the diagnosticity of eyewitness non- identifications. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 776-784.

Wells, G.L., & Loftus, E.F. (Eds.) (1984). Eyewitness testimony: Psychological perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wells, G. L., & Luus, E. (1990). Police lineups as experiments: Social methodology as a framework for properly-conducted lineups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 106-117.

Wells, G. L., Malpass, R. S., Lindsay, R. C. L., Fisher, R. P., Turtle, J. W., & Fulero, S. (2000). Eyewitness research: The long road to national guidelines. American Psychologist, 55, 581-598.

Wells, G. L., Small, M., Penrod,S., Malpass, R. S., Fulero, S. M. & Brimacombe, C. A. E. (1998). Eyewitness identification procedures: Recommendations for lineups and photo- spreads, Law and Human Behavior, 22, 603-647.

Whipple, G.M. (1911). The psychology of testimony. Psychological Bulletin, 8, 307-309.

Wigmore, J. H. (1909). Professor Munsterberg and the psychology of evidence. Illinois Law Review, 3, 399-345.

Woodhead, M. M., Baddeley, A. D., & Simmonds, D. C. V. (1979). On training people to recognize faces. Ergonomics, 22, 333-343.

Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E., &, Tredoux, C. G. (2001). A field study of own-race bias in South Africa and England. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 7, 119-133.

Wright, D. B., Boyd, C. E., & Tredoux, C. G. (2003). Inter-racial contact and the own-race bias for face recognition in South Africa and England. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17, 365-373.

Yarmey, A.D. (1979). The psychology of eyewitness testimony. New York: Free Press.

Yarmey, A. D., & Jones, H. P. T. (1983). Is the psychology of eyewitness identification a matter of common sense? In S. Lloyd-Bostock & B. R. Clifford (Eds), Evaluating witness evidence. Chichester, England: Wiley.
 

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